The study demonstrates the usefulness of VES method in estimating geotechnical attributes for efficient and precise information. The effective stress plot shows that the soil stability increases with depth in the surveyed location.
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The effective stress estimated over the surveyed area for the various depths of 1.5m, 4.0m and 19m corresponding to the base of each characterized subsurface were 26.13kN/m 2 - 44.00kN/m 2, 73.80kN/m 2 and 181.19kN/m 2 respectively. The concept of electrical resistivity variation with subsurface formations - related to degree of saturation, specific gravity of solids, void ratio and unit weight of water - has been used to calculate the effective stress of each soil layer obtained from pore water pressure and total stress data. Electrical characterization of subsurface layers was done to identify a maximum of four geo-electric subsurface layers comprising the top soil (clayey sand and laterite), weathered layer (zone of capillary rise), and highly weathered (saturated) layer and fresh basement. Vertical electrical soundings (VES) were conducted in 24 locations spaced 50 meters apart with maximum AB/2 spread of 160 meters covering an area of 2km 2. Grounded buildings offer protection, but occupants who touch running water or use a landline phone may be shocked by conducted electricity.Geo-electrical resistivity survey has been used for geotechnical investigation at a site proposed for solar power installations in Ajowa Akoko, Nigeria, to assist its foundation prognosis. Homes may also be inadvertently grounded by plumbing, gutters, or other materials. Many houses are grounded by rods and other protection that conduct a lightning bolt's electricity harmlessly to the ground. Tires conduct current, as do metal frames that carry a charge harmlessly to the ground. Cars are havens from lightning-but not for the reason that most believe. Lightning's extreme heat will vaporize the water inside a tree, creating steam that may blow the tree apart. The average American has about a 1 in 5,000 chance of being struck by lightning during a lifetime. lines with 395 m spread length and 5 m spacing between electrodes has been. Strikes can cause cardiac arrest and severe burns, but 9 of every 10 people survive. Combining study which are both geo-electrical and geotechnical methods have. Hundreds more survive strikes but suffer from a variety of lasting symptoms, including memory loss, dizziness, weakness, numbness, and other life-altering ailments. The geo-electric layers are- (1) Topsoil from 0 to 2.5m, (2) weathered basement from 3.3 to 49m, (3) Slightly weathered/Fresh basement from 5m to, (4) Fractured basement ( 5 to 150m) and are characterised by resistivity value range of 14 to 297 ohm-m, 16 to 98 ohm-m, > 1000 ohm-m and < 50 to 31056 ohm-m respectively. About 2,000 people are killed worldwide by lightning each year. Lightning is not only spectacular, it’s dangerous.
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Positive lightning can stretch across the sky and strike "out of the blue" more than 10 miles from the storm cloud where it was born. These strikes reverse the charge flow of typical lightning bolts and are far stronger and more destructive. Ball lightning, a small, charged sphere that floats, glows, and bounces along oblivious to the laws of gravity or physics, still puzzles scientists.Ībout one to 20 cloud-to-ground lightning bolts is "positive lightning," a type that originates in the positively charged tops of stormclouds. Other rare forms can be sparked by extreme forest fires, volcanic eruptions, and snowstorms. Some types of lightning, including the most common types, never leave the clouds but travel between differently charged areas within or between clouds. When the two connect, an electrical current flows as negative charges fly down the channel towards earth and a visible flash of lightning streaks upward at some 200,000,000 mph (300,000,000 kph), transferring electricity as lightning in the process. When the lowermost step comes within 150 feet (46 meters) of a positively charged object, it is met by a climbing surge of positive electricity, called a streamer, which can rise up through a building, a tree, or even a person.
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Each of these segments is about 150 feet (46 meters) long.
#Geo 5 electrical series#
Each bolt can contain up to one billion volts of electricity.Ī typical cloud-to-ground lightning bolt begins when a step-like series of negative charges, called a stepped leader, races downward from the bottom of a storm cloud toward the Earth along a channel at about 200,000 mph (300,000 kph). Types of LightningĬloud-to-ground lightning bolts are a common phenomenon-about 100 strike Earth’s surface every single second-yet their power is extraordinary. Lightning strikes during thunderstorms kill more Americans each year than either tornadoes or hurricanes.